Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en pacientes que requirieron hospitalización / Community acquired pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalization

Resumen La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) representa un importante problema sanitario y ~20% de los pacientes requiere hospitalización. El objetivo principal del trabajo fue determinar las características clínico-imagenológicas de los episodios de NAC que requirieron internación. Los objetivos secundarios fueron determinar el rédito diagnóstico de los estudios microbiológicos e identificar las complicaciones. Realizamos un estudio analítico retrospectivo en un hospital de tercer nivel durante el período 2017-2019, en adultos admitidos por NAC, excluyendo embarazadas. Identificamos 340 episodios en 321 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue 75 años (rango intercuartil 57-85). Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron inmunocompromiso (30%), enfermedad neurológica (22%) y enfermedad renal crónica (17%). Según tres scores pronósticos de gravedad, CURB65, qSOFA y PSI/PORT, 216 (63.5%), 290 (85.3%) y 130 (38%) episodios fueron identificados como de bajo riesgo, respectivamente. Del total de los episodios, 49 (14.4%) requirieron internación en unidad de cuidados intensivos, 39 (11.5%) ventilación mecánica y se registraron 30 (8.8%) muertes durante la hospitalización. Los patrones de imagen más frecuentes fueron consolidativo en 134 (39.4%), intersticio-alveolar en 98 (28.8%) y mixto entre ambos patrones en 67 (19.7%) episodios. Identificamos el agente causal en 79 (23.2%) episodios. Los microorganismos aislados más frecuentemente fueron influenza en 37 (10.9%) y Streptococcus pneumoniae en 11 (3.2%). La mayoría de los episodios afectaron pacientes ancianos y el principal patrón radiológico fue el consolidativo. El agente causal se pudo identificar en uno de cada cuatro episodios y el método con mayor rédito diagnóstico fue el test para influenza.

Abstract Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) represents a major health issue and ~20% of the patients require in-hospital attention. The main objective of the study was to determine clinical-imaging features of CAP episodes requiring hospitalization. The secondary objectives were to determine the diagnostic yield of microbiological analyses and the medical complications. A retrospective analytical study was conducted on adults admitted due to CAP in a third-level hospital in the period 2017-2019. Pregnant women were excluded. A total of 340 CAP episodes were identified in 321 patients; the median age was 75 years old (interquartile range 57-85). The most frequent risk factors were immunocompromise 102 (30%), neurological disease 75 (22%), and chronic kidney disease 58 (17%). According to three prognostic scores, CURB65, qSOFA and PSI/PORT, 216 (63.5%), 290 (83.5%) and 130 (38%) patients were identified as low risk, respectively. A total of 49 (14.4%) episodes required admission at the critical care unit and 39 (11.5%) required mechanical ventilation; 30 patients (8.8%) died during hospitalization. The radiologic patterns most frequently found were consolidation in 134 (39.4%), interstitial-alveolar pattern in 98 (28.8%), and the combination of both patterns in 67 (19.7%) episodes. Identification of the causal agent was achieved in 79 (23.2%) episodes. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were influenza virus in 37 (10.9%) episodes and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 11 (3.2%). Most of the hospitalized CAP patients were elderly with consolidative radiological patterns. The causal agent could be identified in less than a quarter of the patients, with the influenza test being the method with the highest diagnostic yield.

Hospitalización diurna como modelo de atención de salud en pacientes adultos inmunocompetentes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Respiratory day hospital care for immunocompetent adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Background: Day hospitals can reduce health care costs without increasing the risks of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Aim: To report the experience of a respiratory day hospital care delivered to adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a public hospital. Material and Methods: During the fall and winter of 2011 and 2012, adult patients with CAP of intermediate risk categories were assessed in the emergency room, their severity was stratified according to confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure, 65 years of age or older (CRB-65) score and the Chilean CAP Clinical Guidelines, and were admitted to the respiratory day hospital. Results: One hundred seventeen patients aged 67 ± 16 years, (62% females) with CAP were attended in the respiratory day hospital. Ninety percent had comorbidities, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 58%, heart disease in 32%, diabetes in 16% and asthma in 13%. Their most important risk factors were age over 65 years in 60%, comorbidities in 88%, failure of antibiotic treatment in 17%, loss of autonomy in 21%, vital sign abnormalities in 60%, mental confusion in 5%, multilobar CAP in 23%, pleural effusion in 15%, hypoxemia in 41% and a serum urea nitrogen over 30 mg/dL in 16%. Patients stayed an average of seven days in the day hospital with oxygen, hydration, chest physiotherapy and third-generation cephalosporins (89%) associated with quinolones (52%) or macrolides (4%). Thirteen patients required noninvasive ventilation, eight patients were hospitalized because of clinical deterioration and three died in hospital. Conclusions: Day hospital care reduced hospital admission rates of patients with lower respiratory tract infections.

Cumplimiento con las guías nacionales en pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad: Resultados del estudio capo en Argentina / Adherence with National Guidelines in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: Results of CAPO study in Argentina

Un comité de seis sociedades científicas en Argentina desarrolló guías para la atención de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el nivel de cumplimiento con el cuidado recomendado en las guías nacionales en pacientes hospitalizados con NAC en Argentina. Usando indicadores de calidad, la atención de 436 pacientes hospitalizados en 12 centros de Argentina fue evaluada en las áreas de hospitalización, oxigenoterapia, terapia antibiótica empírica, terapia switch, alta hospitalaria y prevención. El nivel de cumplimiento fue clasificado como óptimo (>90%), intermedio (60% a 90%), y bajo (<60%). La selección de antibióticos empíricos y la administración dentro de las primeras ocho horas de admisión tuvieron una adherencia superior al 80%. Se identificó un nivel de cumplimiento bajo en las áreas del pasaje de antibióticos de la vía endovenosa a la vía oral (53%), la prevención con vacunación antineumocóccica (51%) y el ofrecimiento para dejar de fumar (29%). Usando indicadores de calidad se pueden identificar áreas específicas de atención en pacientes con NAC con un bajo nivel de cumplimiento con las guías nacionales. En Argentina se deben desarrollar inicialmente intervenciones enfocadas a mejorar el manejo del pasaje de antibióticos de la vía endovenosa a la vía oral y prevención de la NAC.

A committee of six scientific organizations from Argentina developed guidelines for the management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of adherence with the recommended care suggested by the guidelines in patients hospitalized with CAP in Argentina. Using quality indicators the management of 436 patients who were hospitalized in 12 Argentinean institutions was evaluated. The care given among the following areas was reviewed: need for hospitalization, need for oxygen therapy, empiric antibiotic therapy, switch therapy, hospital discharge, and prevention. The level of adherence was classified as optimal (>90%), intermediate (60% to 90%), and low (<60%).The selection of the empiric antibiotic therapy and the administration of antibiotics between the first 8 hours after arrival had an adherence greater to 80%. A low level of adherence was found in the areas of switch therapy (53%), prevention of CAP with pneumococcal vaccine (51%) and smoking cessation offered (29%). Using quality indicators it is possible to identify specific areas of management in patients with CAP to a low level of adherence with national guidelines. In Argentina interventions to improve switch therapy and prevention of CAP should be developed.

Manejo de la neumonía comunitaria del adulto mayor en el ámbito ambulatorio / Ambulatory management of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the first cause of death by respiratory disease in Chile and the first specific cause of death in people over 80 years of age. The geriatric population has a greater risk of suffering pneumonia, its complications and consequently dying. This is not only related to chronological age but also to certain factors related to ageing such as the presence of comorbidity, malnutrition, and cognitive impairment. An atypical presentation that delays the diagnosis and treatment also increases the risk of complications. CAP in the elderly is caused by the same pathogens that cause it in younger patients. S pneumoniae is the main pathogen followed by viral infections particularly in winter. An important strategy to reduce CAP related health costs, is the identification of patients who are at low risk of complications and who therefore could be managed at home. Optimum management of CAP in the elderly includes early diagnosis and the definition of clinical severity, early antibiotic treatment at the right dose and for an adequate length of time and a correct decision whether the patient should be managed in hospital or at home.

Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos, en el curso de la campaña de invierno 2003 en el Hospital San Juan de Dios / Community acquired pneumonia in adults during winter 2003 campaign at a Santiago general hospital

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues being a condition of high prevalence, and potentially lethal. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent etiological agent of CAP. The objective of the present study is to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics, as well as the evolution, of adult patients admitted with CAP to the service of medicine of a Santiago general hospital (Hospital San Juan de Dios). 200 adults admitted with CAP diagnosis during winter 2003, were retrospectively studied. In 170 out of these 200 patients, diagnosis was confirmed. In average the patients were 68 years old. 51 percent of patients older than 65 y.o. had received influenza vaccination. High blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and heart failure were the most prevalent non respiratory comorbidities (59, 31 and 22 percent respectively). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the most prevalent respiratory comorbidity (19 percent). The antibiotic therapy by election was a third generation cephalosporin, associated with a macrolide. The switch therapy was done in 140 patients (82 percent), using an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone in 90 percent of the cases. The median period of hospitalization was 6 days. 40 percent of the patients required to be transferred to a clinical unit of higher complexity. In patients having a confirmed diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia lethality rose up to 11 percent. In only one of the patients, a Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to Penicillin was isolated in the blood culture. Conclusion: CAP is a prevalent disease, especially in elderly patients, with specific clinical and demographic characteristics. CAP`s evolution and mortality rate can be known and modified.

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) continúa siendo una condición de alta prevalencia y potencialmente letal. El Streptococcus pneumoniae, es el agente etiológico más frecuente de las NAC. El objetivo del presente estudio, es describir las características clínicas y demográficas, así como también la evolución, de los pacientes adultos ingresados por NAC al servicio de medicina del Hospital San Juan de Dios. Nosotros estudiamos en forma retrospectiva a 200 pacientes adultos ingresados con diagnóstico de NAC. Se confirmó el diagnóstico en 170 de ellos. El promedio de edad fue de 68 años. La vacunación antiinfluenza en mayores de 65 años fue de 51 por ciento. De la comorbilidad no respiratoria, la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus, fueron las más prevalentes (59 por ciento y 31 por ciento respectivamente), Neumonía en adultos. Campaña invierno 2003 - K. Dintrans A. et al. seguidas por la insuficiencia cardíaca (22 por ciento). La comorbilidad respiratoria más frecuente fue la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC): 19 por ciento. El esquema antibiótico de elección fue una cefalosporina de tercera generación asociada a un macrólido. La terapia secuencial se realizó en 140 pacientes (82 por ciento), empleándose una fluoroquinolona antineumocócica en 90 por ciento de los casos. La mediana de los días de hospitalización fue de 6 días. Un 40 por ciento de los pacientes requirió traslado a una unidad de mayor complejidad. La letalidad asociada a los pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de NAC, llegó al 11 por ciento. En solo un paciente se aisló un Streptococcus pneumoniae resistente a la penicilina en los hemocultivos. Conclusión: La NAC es una entidad prevalente especialmente en pacientes adultos mayores, con características clínicas y demográficas específicas, cuya mortalidad y curso clínico se pueden conocer y modificar.

Evaluación de la gravedad en la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad / Evaluating severity of community-acquired pneumonia in adults

Clinical evolution in patients affected by community acquired pneumonia varies from a mild and low risk infectious disease to an extremely severe, life threatening disease. Commonly, immunocompetent adults without co-morbidities or severe risk factors cared for at out patient clinic have low risk of complications and death (mortality below 1-2%); it increases to 5-15% in patients with co-morbidities and/or with specific risk factors that are admitted into the hospital and reaches 20-50% in those patients admitted into ICUs. Evaluation of severity in patients with pneumonia allows the prediction of disease evolution, establishing the proper setting of care, the type- of microbiological tests needed, and to choose the best empiric antibiotic treatment. It is suggested that patients be in three risk categories: low risk (mortality under 1-2%) susceptible to ambulatory treatment; high risk patients (mortality 20-30%) that need specialized wards; and intermediate risk patients, with co-morbidities and/or risk factors for complicated clinical evolution and death, but cannot be classified in a specific category. In the ambulatory setting, without availability of complete laboratory exams, it is recommended to evaluating the severity of pneumonia considering the following clinical variables: age over 65 years, presence of co-morbidities, sensorial compromise, vital signs alteration, degree of radiological involvement: multilobar, bilateral findings, cavitations), pleural effusion and arterial oximetry < 90%. However, clinical judgement and the physician's experience must predominate over predictive models, which are not infallible

La evolución del paciente con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad puede variar entre un cuadro infeccioso banal de bajo riesgo de complicaciones hasta uno de extrema gravedad con riesgo vital. En general, el adulto inmunocompetente sin co-morbilidad ni criterios de gravedad manejado en el medio ambulatorio tiene bajo riesgo de complicaciones y muerte (letalidad menor de 1-2%), elevándose a 5-15% en los pacientes con co-morbilidad y/o factores de riesgo específicos que son admitidos al hospital y a 20-50% en aquellos admitidos a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. La evaluación de la gravedad en el paciente con neumonía permite predecir la evolución de la enfermedad, orientar el lugar de manejo, la extensión del estudio microbiológico, y el tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico. Se sugiere clasificar a los enfermos en tres categorías de riesgo: pacientes con bajo riesgo (mortalidad inferior a 1-2%) susceptibles de tratamiento ambulatorio; pacientes con alto riesgo (mortalidad entre 20-30%) que deben ser manejados en unidades especializadas del hospital; y pacientes con riesgo intermedio, con co-morbilidad y/o factores de riesgo de evolución complicada y muerte, pero que no es posible clasificar en una categoría precisa. En el medio ambulatorio, donde no se dispone de exámenes complementarios, se recomienda evaluar la gravedad de los pacientes con neumonía considerando las siguientes variables clínicas: edad sobre 65 años, presencia de co-morbilidad, compromiso de conciencia, alteración de los signos vitales, compromiso radiográfico multilobar o bilateral, presencia de cavitación o efusión pleural, y SaO2 < 90%. Sin embargo, el juicio clínico y la experiencia del médico deben predominar sobre los modelos predictores, los cuales no son infalibles

Reglas de predicción en neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Prediction rules in community acquired pneumonia

The determination of site of care is an essential decision in the management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Patients with mild to moderate CAP may be safely treated at home. Instead, those patients with severe pneumonia must be hospitalized to assure an effective treatment. Severity of CAP is associated with mortality that depends both on the patient's frailty and the intensity of lung inflammation. Because there is no single predictor factor to assess prognosis, diverse prediction rules have been developed to establish severity of CAP and guide the decision of site of care. In our country a new prediction rule, derived from hospitalized patents that incorporate simple clinical variables has been developed. However, this rule requires to be validated in the ambulatory setting before its wide spread use is suggested. Prediction rules are objective and relatively accurate models to assess prognosis that may aid clinicians to evaluate patient's risks and to improve hospitalization decisions. Nevertheless, although the prediction rules may guide the initial management of patients with CAP, they are not intended to replace the clinical judgment, which remains as the art of medicine.